MAU, now known as Maunath Bhanjan, is an industrial city and the heart of MAU. . must be yes and no. Women were choked and held under water; gun barrels, beer bottles, and even knives were thrust into their vaginas. [76] This fledgling organisation was called the Kenya African Study Union. During the 1952–1960 Mau Mau Uprising, in British Kenya Thomas Askwith, the official tasked with designing the British 'detention and rehabilitation' programme during the summer and autumn of 1953, termed his system the Pipeline. Au total la révolte a causé la mort de plus de 11 000 Mau Mau et plus de 30 000 arrestations. Caractériser la révolte Mau Mau est une entreprise complexe. [22] Kariuki also wrote that the term Mau Mau was adopted by the rebellion in order to counter what they regarded as colonial propaganda. Officials could scarcely process them all, let alone get them to confess their oaths. As many as 150,000 suspected members of the resistance movement. The Chuka Massacre, which happened in Chuka, Kenya, was perpetrated by members of the King's African Rifles B Company in June 1953 with 20 unarmed people killed during the Mau Mau uprising. Mau Mau Uprising has been listed as a level-5 vital article in History. In the cities the colonial authorities decided to dispel tensions by raising urban wages, thereby strengthening the hand of moderate union organisations like the KFRTU. Tout d’abord la propagande a tenté de présenter la pratique des serments comme une résurgence de la sauvagerie et de l’animalité primitive qui a perduré malgré l’effort d’humanisation fourni par les colons. [289][290] Unsurprisingly, during this same period opposition groups tactically embraced the Mau Mau rebellion. General Gatunga had previously been a respected and well read Christian teacher in his local Kikuyu community. B Between 1895 and 1920, Kenya was formally known as British East Africa Protectorate; between 1920 and 1963, as Kenya Colony and Protectorate. from Kenya's Director of Medical Services, 18 May 1954, The lack of decent sanitation in the camps meant that epidemics of diseases such as typhoid swept through them. We are determined to have independence in peace, and we shall not allow hooligans to rule Kenya. Il se trouve que ces cellules se trouvaient à l’échelle des villages, en particulier dans les zones rurales de la Central Province ou les membres étaient souvent des parents ou des associés très proches les uns les autres et ou il était possible d’identifier ceux qui se sont joints au mouvement et ceux qui ont résisté en refusant de prêter serment. He said that the mistreatment of the detainees is "distressingly reminiscent of conditions in Nazi Germany or Communist Russia". [94], The psychological war became of critical importance to military and civilian leaders who tried to "emphasise that there was in effect a civil war, and that the struggle was not black versus white", attempting to isolate Mau Mau from the Kikuyu, and the Kikuyu from the rest of the colony's population and the world outside. In her 20s, she worked as a spy for Mau Mau fighters who had camped in the forest when war broke out in 1952. According to some members of Mau Mau, they never referred to themselves as such, instead preferring the military title Kenya Land and Freedom Army (KLFA). On peut s’affranchir de cette souillure en invoquant la magie et en recourant aux sorciers[9]. Enfin, il faut mentionner ici quelques éléments de la religion et des croyances kikuyus. Dans le même temps des organes comme le Conseil d’État sont créés, pour contrer l’influence du Conseil Législatif, et le Conseil des Ministres n’est pas réformé. [231], A retaliatory massacre was immediately perpetrated by Kenyan security forces who were partially overseen by British commanders. The response of the colonial administration was a fierce crackdown on the rebels, resulting in many deaths. [299] Contract and casual workers are together referred to as migratory labourers, in distinction to the permanent presence of the squatters on farms. The city is famous for its Sari industry is a traditional business and the age-old art of the people of this city. En fait, la révolte Mau Mau a souffert de faiblesses structurelles qu’elle n’a pas su dépasser. L’organisation se veut représentative de la colonie mais apparaît très vite comme une tribune Kikuyu. En conséquence, la révolte était dépourvue de l’unité de vision fondamentale qui est habituellement procurée par un parti révolutionnaire », http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/2/1/8/figure/F1?highres=y, Le repentir du Royaume-Uni 60 ans après la répression des Mau-Mau au Kenya, http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Olenguruone_Scheme, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Révolte_des_Mau_Mau&oldid=177427593, Page géolocalisable sans coordonnées paramétrées, Conflit militaire géolocalisable sans coordonnées paramétrées, Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais, Portail:Époque contemporaine/Articles liés, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence, On observe également de multiples références au mouvement Mau Mau dans. [3] David Elstein has noted that leading authorities on Africa have taken issue with parts of Elkins' study, in particular her mortality figures: "The senior British historian of Kenya, John Lonsdale, whom Elkins thanks profusely in her book as 'the most gifted scholar I know', warned her to place no reliance on anecdotal sources, and regards her statistical analysis—for which she cites him as one of three advisors—as 'frankly incredible'. Les autorités mettent en place le pipeline, un ensemble de camps de réhabilitation pour les Mau Mau. Although there had been previous instances of violent resistance to colonialism, the Mau Mau revolt was the most prolonged and violent anti-colonial warfare in the British Kenya colony. [240] However, this is disputed and other sources downplay the contribution of Mau Mau to decolonisation. [274] The Foreign Office, however, reaffirmed its position that it was not, in fact, liable for colonial atrocities,[274] and argued that the documents had not "disappeared" as part of a cover up. Prisoners were questioned with the help of "slicing off ears, boring holes in eardrums, flogging until death, pouring paraffin over suspects who were then set alight, and burning eardrums with lit cigarettes". [107][108] By 1950, these differences, and the impact of colonial rule, had given rise to three native Kenyan political blocks: conservative, moderate nationalist and militant nationalist. Their name was derived from the Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya. Plot. were physically sick and said 'These people are animals. War in the British Kenya Colony (1920–1963) between the Kenya Land and Freedom Army (KLFA), also known as Mau Mau, and the British colonists. Baimuingi, one of the last Mau Mau generals, was killed shortly after Kenya attained self-rule. Majdalany also says the British simply used the name as a label for the Kikuyu ethnic community without assigning any specific definition.[20]. ...the insurgents' lack of heavy weaponry and the heavily entrenched police and Home Guard positions meant that Mau Mau attacks were restricted to nighttime and where loyalist positions were weak. Operation Anvil (Mau Mau Uprising) - Wikipedia Operation Anvil (Mau Mau Uprising) Operation Anvil was a British military operation during the Mau Mau Uprising where British troops attempted to remove suspected Mau Mau from Nairobi and place them in Langata Camp or reserves. Camps and compounds were overcrowded, forced-labour systems were not yet perfected, screening teams were not fully coordinated, and the use of torture was not yet systematised. Between June 1953 and October 1955, the RAF provided a significant contribution to the conflict—and, indeed, had to, for the army was preoccupied with providing security in the reserves until January 1955, and it was the only service capable of both psychologically influencing and inflicting considerable casualties on the Mau Mau fighters operating in the dense forests. It shows the colonial and native African conflict caused by colonialism and differing views on how life should be lived. Most of the rest – more than a million – were held in "enclosed villages" also known as concentration camps. It was systematic", Anderson said. The entire wiki with photo and video galleries for each article. [26] Through a series of expropriations, the government seized about 7,000,000 acres (28,000 km2; 11,000 sq mi) of land, most of it in the fertile hilly regions of Central and Rift Valley Provinces, later known as the White Highlands due to the exclusively European-owned farmland there. Furthermore, resort to technicality . Official medical reports detailing the shortcomings of the camps and their recommendations were ignored, and the conditions being endured by detainees were lied about and denied. [170], During the first year after Operation Anvil, colonial authorities had little success in forcing detainees to cooperate. [54] The Kikuyu mounted a legal challenge against the expropriation of their land, but a Kenya High Court decision of 1921 reaffirmed its legality. I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like. As the group's influence and membership widened it became a major threat to the col… Kenyatta described the conflict in his memoirs as a civil war rather than a rebellion. Contents[show] The massacre The 5th KAR B Company had been sent to the Chuka area on 13 June 1953, to flush out rebels suspected of hiding in the nearby forests. Dans cette répartition des pouvoirs politiques, les femmes sont totalement exclues mais elles gardent des prérogatives sur les rituels qui les concernent (menstruations, tabous sur les naissances, etc). D During the Emergency, screening was the term used by colonial authorities to mean the interrogation of a Mau Mau suspect. [267] Baring's inaction was despite the urging of people like Arthur Young, Commissioner of Police for Kenya for less than eight months of 1954 before he resigned in protest, that "the horror of some of the [camps] should be investigated without delay". In the Mau Mau uprising. Whatever the actual number of victims, "[t]he grim truth was that, for every person who died in Lari's first massacre, at least two more were killed in retaliation in the second. During the 1952–1960 Mau Mau Uprising, in British Kenya Thomas Askwith, the official tasked with designing the British 'detention and rehabilitation' programme during the summer and autumn of 1953, termed his system the Pipeline. Congratulations on this excellent venture… what a great idea! [177], —Memorandum to Commissioner of Prisons John 'Taxi' Lewis The end of 1955 also saw screeners being given a freer hand in interrogation, and harsher conditions than straightforward confession were imposed on detainees before they were deemed 'cooperative' and eligible for final release. Néanmoins, ces évaluations doivent être considérées comme une estimation basse[32], puisque des hommes comme Mathenge, sont sans doute morts sans qu’une preuve n’ait pu être produite. Gavaghan joined the British colonial administration in Kenya in 1944. [6], Dominated by the Kikuyu people, Meru people and Embu people, the KLFA also comprised units of Kamba and Maasai peoples who fought against the white European colonist-settlers in Kenya, the British Army, and the local Kenya Regiment (British colonists, local auxiliary militia, and pro-British Kikuyu people). [citation needed], The second stage had three main planks: a large military-sweep of Nairobi leading to the internment of tens of thousands of the city's suspected Mau Mau members and sympathisers (see Operation Anvil below); the enacting of major agrarian reform (the Swynnerton Plan); and the institution of a vast villagisation programme for more than a million rural Kikuyu (see below). Par ailleurs, les forces Mau Mau n’ont pas cessé de décroître. On 12 September 2015, the British Government unveiled a Mau Mau memorial statue in Nairobi's Uhuru Park that it had funded "as a symbol of reconciliation between the British government, the Mau Mau, and all those who suffered". Lari Massacre. [139] In May 1953, the decision was made to send General George Erskine to oversee the restoration of order in the colony. During the course of a conflict, leaders on both sides will use this argument to gain active support from the "crowd". Origine du terme. London: Hamish Hamilton. [203], One of the colony's ministers blamed the "bad spots" in Central Province on the mothers of the children for "not realis[ing] the great importance of proteins", and one former missionary reported that it "was terribly pitiful how many of the children and the older Kikuyu were dying. Until the mid-1930s, the two primary complaints were low native Kenyan wages and the requirement to carry an identity document, the kipande. Main article: History of Samoa. [189] The means to this terminal end was originally suggested by the man brought in by the colonial government to do an ethnopsychiatric 'diagnosis' of the uprising, JC Carothers: he advocated a Kenyan version of the villagisation programmes that the British were already using in places like Malaya. La division des Kikuyus s’appuie en fait sur les structures imposées par l’indirect rule. [121] Its representatives were so keen on aggressive action that George Erskine referred to them as "the White Mau Mau". Fin 1956, selon l'historienne Caroline Elkins, plus de 100 000 rebelles et civils ont été tués au cours des combats ou dans les massacres qui caractérisent la répression et plus de 300 000 autres Kikuyu sont détenus dans des camps à l'intérieur desquels des tentatives pour les amener à adopter les vues politiques du gouvernement ont été entreprises[1],[2] ′[3]. Squaring up to the seamier side of empire is long overdue", "Colonial secret papers to be made public", "Mau Mau case casts light on colonial records", "Hundreds more top secret files missing in Mau Mau abuse case", "The colonial papers: FCO transparency is a carefully cultivated myth", "Mau Mau torture case: Kenyans win ruling against UK", "The Kenyans tortured by the British must now be justly treated", "Fury as Britain fights ruling on Kenya torture victims", "Kenyan Mau Mau victims in talks with UK government over legal settlement", "Kenyan Mau Mau: official policy was to cover up brutal mistreatment", "Statement to Parliament on settlement of Mau Mau claims", "Speech to the 52nd Commemoration of the Memory of Dedan Kimathi", "Nationalism, Ethnicity, and Modernity: The Paradox of Mau Mau", "The Enemy Within: Loyalists and the War Against Mau Mau in Kenya", "Air Power in the Mau Mau Conflict: The Government's Chief Weapon", "Alchemy of Evidence: Mau Mau, the British Empire, and the High Court of Justice", "Mau Mau and the Decolonisation of Kenya", Journal of Military and Strategic Studies, Colonial Film's archive footage of Mau Mau, "Lost" Mau Mau-era government-documents posted by the BBC's Dominic Casciani, Surrender Pass issued under Baring's 18 January 1955 Amnesty, Father Rale's War/Dummer's War (1722–25), 3,000 Native Kenyan police and soldiers killed, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски. John Lonsdale (1990) "Mau Maus of the Mind: Making Mau Mau and Remaking Kenya", The Journal of … [18], The origin of the term Mau Mau is uncertain. When attacks did commence they were fast and brutal, as insurgents were easily able to identify loyalists because they were often local to those communities themselves. D’une manière plus générale la réhabilitation des combattants a été difficile. Elle passe d’abord par une appropriation du terrain et des raids sporadiques sur les camps Mau Mau avec des succès certains en comparaison avec les actions des insurgés. Most visited articles. L’une des singularités de ces Kikuyus réside sans doute dans le système agraire. Les opérations militaires se déroulent entre 1952 et 1956, soit autant que la Première Guerre mondiale. La singularité du mouvement Mau Mau réside d’abord dans la pratique du serment et sa diffusion qui débute dès 1950 et touche presque toute la population Kikuyu. Cette question du rapatriement des squatters augmente la pression des réserves qui déversent leur trop plein dans les villes. Most colonial magistrates appear to have been unconcerned by the illegal practice of settler-administered flogging; indeed, during the 1920s, flogging was the magisterial punishment-of-choice for native Kenyan convicts. [123] Detailed accounts of the policy of seizing livestock from Kenyans suspected of supporting Mau Mau rebels were finally released in April 2012. En octobre 1952, après une campagne de sabotages et d'assassinats imputée à des terroristes Mau Mau, le pouvoir colonial anglais déclare un état d'urgence et organise des opérations militaires à l'encontre des rebelles. Bennett said that "the British Army retained ultimate operational control over all security forces throughout the Emergency", and that its military intelligence operation worked "hand in glove" with the Kenyan Special Branch "including in screening and interrogations in centres and detention camps". En effet, la révolte Mau Mau a bénéficié de l’apport et du soutien des populations civiles qui ont organisé des réseaux d’approvisionnement et de communication performants. La politique agrarienne et la répartition des terres sont les principaux thèmes de campagne, thèmes justement déjà revendiqués par les combattants Mau Mau[48]. Probably the worst works camp to have been sent to was the one run out of Embakasi Prison, for Embakasi was responsible for the Embakasi Airport, the construction of which was demanded to be finished before the Emergency came to an end. —One colonial officer's description of British works camps, There were originally two types of works camps envisioned by Baring: the first type were based in Kikuyu districts with the stated purpose of achieving the Swynnerton Plan; the second were punitive camps, designed for the 30,000 Mau Mau suspects who were deemed unfit to return to the reserves. [11] Frank Füredi, in The Mau Mau War in Perspective, suggests this was due to a British policy of divide and rule[12] but fails to cite any contemporary British government documents which support this assertion. Les révoltés lancent également des raids sur les fermes pour détruire les établissements et s’approvisionner en nourriture[25]. En ce qui concerne l’héritage direct de la révolte on constate une pluralité des expressions. The Mau Mau stepped up its attacks on European settlers and Kikuyu, culminating in the attack on the village of Lari in March 1953 in which 84 Kikuyu civilians, mainly women and children, were murdered. [50], The Commission reported in 1934, but its conclusions, recommendations and concessions to Kenyans were so conservative that any chance of a peaceful resolution to native Kenyan land-hunger was ended. In a half-circle against the reed walls of the enclosure stand eight young, African women. The most notorious was their attack on the settlement of Lari, on the night of 25–26 March 1953, in which they herded men, women and children into huts and set fire to them, hacking down with machetes anyone who attempted escape, before throwing them back into the burning huts. Ils engagent très vite un boycott de l’institution qui mène à la rédaction d'une nouvelle constitution. "[263], —Kenyan Attorney-General Eric Griffith-Jones. The vast majority of Kenyan employees' violations of labour legislation were settled with "rough justice" meted out by their employers. [21] J.M. At once, the room erupted in cheers. to rule such a claim out of court appears particularly misplaced. Once I went personally to drop off one gang member who needed special treatment. Au même moment pourtant le consulat français tire d’autres conclusions de l’agitation naissante : « l’économie politique de l’agriculture kényane et l’économie morale du droit intergénérationnel à la terre, qui la soutenait, étaient en crise »[22]. [48] [95], By the mid-1960s, the view of Mau Mau as simply irrational activists was being challenged by memoirs of former members and leaders that portrayed Mau Mau as an essential, if radical, component of African nationalism in Kenya and by academic studies that analysed the movement as a modern and nationalist response to the unfairness and oppression of colonial domination. Ce serment, on l’a vu, est fondamental dans les croyances Kikuyus. This earlier work cast the Mau Mau war in strictly bipolar terms, "as conflicts between anti-colonial nationalists and colonial collaborators". Cette sauvagerie a été en outre largement médiatisée par les colons et les Occidentaux comme L.S.B. C. C. Robertson, « Whose crime? Hundreds of thousands were beaten or sexually assaulted to extract information about the Mau Mau threat. Le seul succès de la révolte est sans doute son endurance permise par un réseau de ravitaillement très bien développé – autant dans les zones rurales qu’urbaines où des impôts sont prélevés sur toutes les activités et où des réseaux criminels organisent des vols d’armes à feu – mais aussi par une parfaite connaissance de la zone d’insurrection forestière. En 1956, huit Africains occupent des sièges au Conseil Législatif qui se réunissent dans le African Elected Members Organisation (contre quatorze Européens)[46].